Third Meeting Review

There is no polite request in the past

There is only have to not has to


Certainty
He may have be sick --> now
He may have been sick --> past

How to differentiate advice and certainty is from the context.

Advice: You should study harder (now)
You should have come earlier (past)

Certainty: You should have work harder
You should have kept your promise



Had better (advice in present)

I had better go to school (OK)
I had better to go to school (X)
I had better went to school (X)

Used to, Would and be used to

Using used to, would, and be used to

We use would to and used-to to repeat action in the past

Continuous action in the past = used to

For continuous action use used to not would.

For past situations that not longer exist, use used to not would

Be used to means be accustomed to

Ex: Mary is used to cold weather (Mary sudah terbiasa dengan udara dingin)

Ex: Mary is accustomed to cold weather

To be used to + N

Used to + V1

Mary is used to cold weather (mary sudah terbiasa dengan udara dingin)

Mary used to live in bandung (mary dulu tinggal di bandung, sekarang sudah tidak)

Mary get accustomed = mary get used to

Degree of Certainty (Future time)

Degrees of certatinty (future time)

Kay will do well on the test	100 % sure (the speaker feels sure)
Kay should do well on the test Kay ought to do well on the test	90 % sure (the speaker is almost sure)
Kay may do well on the test Kay might do well on the test Kay could d owell on the test	Less than 50 % sure (the speaker is guessing)

Degree of Certainty (Present time negative)

Degree of certainty (Present time negative)

Sam is not sick	100 % sure
Sam Could not be sick Sam can not be sick	99 % sure
Sam must not be sick	95 % sure (Probability)
Sam may not be sick Sam might not be sick	Less than 50 % sure

Expectation

Expectation: Be supposed to and Be to

The game is supposed to begin at 10:00.	Be supposed to is close mearning to should
The game is to begin at 10:00.	Be to is close meaning to must. Be to is used to state strong expecation Be to is stronger, more definite, than Be supposed to.

Advisability

Advisability: Should, Ought to, Had better.

You should go and see a doctor	Should: This is a good idea
You ought to go and see the doctor.	Ought to: This is important
You had better go and see the doctor or your child will get contaminated.	Had better: This is a warning
Negative forms: Should not Ought not Had better not	Had better is followed by the simple form. Had better is stronger than should/ought to, and implies a warning or possible bad consequences.

Necessity	Advisability
Have to Have got to must	Should Ought to Had better

The past form of should

I had a test this morning. I didn’t do well on the test because i didn’t study for it last night. I should have studied last night.

Should have + past participle

Expressing Neccessity and Lack of Necessity

Expressing Necessity: Must, have to, Have got to

You must come at once. (extremely important) All applicants have to take an entrance?	Have to is used more commonly. Must is usually stronger than have to and can indicate urgency.
I have got to go now.	Have got to is informal. Usual pronounce of got to is “gotta”.
Present or Future I have to/have got to/must study tonight. Past I had to study last night.	The idea of past necessity is expressed by had to. There is no other past form for must or have got to.

Lack of Necessity and Prohibition Have to and Must in the negative

Lack of Necessity ( Do not Have to) Tomorrow is a holiday. We don’t have to to class.	Do not have to: it is not necessary for us to go to class.
Prohibition (Must not) You must not look in the closet. You birthday present is hidden there. You must not smoke in the class. (must not = prohibition)	Must not: DO NOT DO THIS. Do not look in the closet i forbit it. The negative form: Mustn’t

Polite Request with "I', "You", "Would you mind", and using imperative sentence

Polite requests with “I” as the subject

May I Ex: May I (please) borrow your pen? Could I Ex: Could I borrow your pen?	Formal In a polite request, could has a present or future meaning, not a past meaning.
Can I Ex: Can I borrow your pen?	Informal

Polite requests with “You” as the subject

Would You Ex: Would you pass the salt (please)? Will You Ex: Will you (please) pass the salt?	Would you is more common and is often considered more polite.
Could You Ex: Could you pass the salt?	Formal
Can You Ex: Can you pass the salt?	Informal

Would you = do you want to do this please?

Could you = do you want to do this please, and is it possible to do this?

Polite Request with would you mind

Would you mind if I closed the window? Would you mind if i used the phone?	Would you mind if I is followed by the simple past.
Would you mind closing the window? Would you mind giving the book to Anita?	Would you mind is followed by –ing (a gerund)

Using imperative Sentences to make Polite Requests

Shut the door Be on time Don’t shut the door Don’t be late Turn right at the corner	Imperative sentence can be used to give direction and an order.
Shut the door please	It becomes a polite request when the word please added.

taken from www.allposters.com

Modal Auxiliaries and Similar Expressions

Taken from firstcertificate.wordpress.com

Modal Auxiliaries

a. Modal auxiliaries : can, could, had better, may, might, must , ought to, shall, should, will

Modals do not take a final –s, even when the subject is he, she, or it.

He can do it OK

He cans do it X

b. Modal are followed immidiately by the simpe form of a verb

He can do it OK

He can does it X

The only exception is ought, which is followed by an infinitive

She ought to go to the meeting

Similar Expressions

Be able to do it	Can
Be going to do it	Will
Be supposed to do it	Should
Be to do it	Must
Have to do it	Must
Have got to do it	Must
Used to do it	Would

An infinitive (to + the simple form of a verb) is used in this similar expression.

Welcome to Structure II Online Class

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• In this blog you can read the review of materials that you have learned in the classroom.

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Thank You

best regards,

Ronald ^_^

"Let us think of education as the means of developing our greatest abilities, because in each of us there is a private hope and dream which, fulfilled, can be translated into benefit for everyone and greater strength for our nation."

John F. Kennedy (1917 - 1963) as cited from www.quotationspage.com

taken from www.jiscinfonet.ac.uk