Expressing Neccessity and Lack of Necessity

Expressing Necessity: Must, have to, Have got to

You must come at once. (extremely important) All applicants have to take an entrance?	Have to is used more commonly. Must is usually stronger than have to and can indicate urgency.
I have got to go now.	Have got to is informal. Usual pronounce of got to is “gotta”.
Present or Future I have to/have got to/must study tonight. Past I had to study last night.	The idea of past necessity is expressed by had to. There is no other past form for must or have got to.

Lack of Necessity and Prohibition Have to and Must in the negative

Lack of Necessity ( Do not Have to) Tomorrow is a holiday. We don’t have to to class.	Do not have to: it is not necessary for us to go to class.
Prohibition (Must not) You must not look in the closet. You birthday present is hidden there. You must not smoke in the class. (must not = prohibition)	Must not: DO NOT DO THIS. Do not look in the closet i forbit it. The negative form: Mustn’t

Polite Request with "I', "You", "Would you mind", and using imperative sentence

Polite requests with “I” as the subject

May I Ex: May I (please) borrow your pen? Could I Ex: Could I borrow your pen?	Formal In a polite request, could has a present or future meaning, not a past meaning.
Can I Ex: Can I borrow your pen?	Informal

Polite requests with “You” as the subject

Would You Ex: Would you pass the salt (please)? Will You Ex: Will you (please) pass the salt?	Would you is more common and is often considered more polite.
Could You Ex: Could you pass the salt?	Formal
Can You Ex: Can you pass the salt?	Informal

Would you = do you want to do this please?

Could you = do you want to do this please, and is it possible to do this?

Polite Request with would you mind

Would you mind if I closed the window? Would you mind if i used the phone?	Would you mind if I is followed by the simple past.
Would you mind closing the window? Would you mind giving the book to Anita?	Would you mind is followed by –ing (a gerund)

Using imperative Sentences to make Polite Requests

Shut the door Be on time Don’t shut the door Don’t be late Turn right at the corner	Imperative sentence can be used to give direction and an order.
Shut the door please	It becomes a polite request when the word please added.

taken from www.allposters.com

Modal Auxiliaries and Similar Expressions

Taken from firstcertificate.wordpress.com

Modal Auxiliaries

a. Modal auxiliaries : can, could, had better, may, might, must , ought to, shall, should, will

Modals do not take a final –s, even when the subject is he, she, or it.

He can do it OK

He cans do it X

b. Modal are followed immidiately by the simpe form of a verb

He can do it OK

He can does it X

The only exception is ought, which is followed by an infinitive

She ought to go to the meeting

Similar Expressions

Be able to do it	Can
Be going to do it	Will
Be supposed to do it	Should
Be to do it	Must
Have to do it	Must
Have got to do it	Must
Used to do it	Would

An infinitive (to + the simple form of a verb) is used in this similar expression.

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best regards,

Ronald ^_^

"Let us think of education as the means of developing our greatest abilities, because in each of us there is a private hope and dream which, fulfilled, can be translated into benefit for everyone and greater strength for our nation."

John F. Kennedy (1917 - 1963) as cited from www.quotationspage.com

taken from www.jiscinfonet.ac.uk